Principles and practices of management

Management in an organization is typically divided into three main levels, each with distinct roles and responsibilities. These levels ensure smooth coordination and effective achievement of organizational goals.

---

1. Top-Level Management

Also known as executive or strategic management, this level includes positions such as:

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Managing Director (MD)

General Manager

Board of Directors

Functions:

Setting the overall goals and vision of the organization

Making major policy decisions

Planning long-term strategies

Representing the organization to external stakeholders

Providing leadership and direction to middle management

---

2. Middle-Level Management

This level acts as a bridge between top and lower management. It includes:

Departmental Heads

Branch Managers

Division Supervisors

Functions:

Implementing policies and plans set by top management

Coordinating and supervising the activities of lower-level managers

Making departmental decisions

Ensuring that resources are used efficiently

Communicating feedback and reports to top management

---

3. Lower-Level Management

Also called supervisory or operational management, this level includes:

Supervisors

Foremen

Section Leaders

Team Leaders

Functions:

Directing and supervising the day-to-day activities of employees

Ensuring work is completed on time and meets standards

Maintaining discipline and morale among workers

Reporting oper

ational issues to middle management

Providing training and guidance to employees